swing bands featured sections of trumpets, saxophones, and

intricate fast rhythms and tremendous 1U^ p(s XA@H:@!+H30q:pYL4#9 S Many musicians served in the military and toured with USO troupes at the front, with Glenn Miller losing his life while traveling between shows. Progressive bands were led by Dizzy Gillespie, Gil Evans, Carla Bley, Toshiko Akiyoshi and Lew Tabackin, Don Ellis, and Anthony Braxton. Arrangers notated specific notes for each instrument to play in every measure on a written score. and Benny Goodman (who took jazz to Hollywood in the mid-1930s). an improvisation: melody, harmony, and form. Then circle the object of the preposition. African American theaters and night clubs, the Apollo, the Savoy, and the Lafayette, became legendary for presenting jazz combos and orchestras. Since he could not read music, Webb memorized the arrangements. Fletchers [Henderson] band had the same elements; so did Benny Motens back in 1932, when Basie played with him., Every week they would feature a guest band at the Savoy Ballroom. Tenor saxophonist Lester Young (19091959) had a different approach than Hawkins and used a lighter tone. West Side Story. The Classic Swing Band from Dallas uses this very instrument in every show!! The trumpeter blows on the mouthpiece at one end of the trumpet with closed lips, and the sound wave reverberates through the tube until it exits out the widened far end of the instrument. Since theyre built of brass, saxophones tend to produce a trumpet-like buzzing sound. the late 1930s through the 1950s, Duke Ellington was one of the premier swing band In addition, Miller had a radio program and made motion pictures. In Harlem, the creative and literary arts, Black musicals, and big band entertainment flourished within the movement known as the Harlem Renaissance, in which music played as great or possibly a greater role than literature. By this time the big band was such a dominant force in jazz that the older generation found they either had to adapt to it or simply retire. Basie, Count. By the late 1930s, prosperity was returning, and records and radio were extremely helpful in publicizing jazz. And because of this, Swing had a greater emphasis on written-out composition and arrangements. accompaniment (acoustic bass with piano and/or guitar). The piece has an Hammond, John. They had Count Basie, they had Benny Moten, they had George Lee, they had Junior Lee, they had Lester Young, they had Walter Brown., What I heard in that first nine-piece Basie band was the sort of free, swinging jazz that I have always preferred. Company B, was popularized through records and film by The Andrews Sisters during World War Swing bands featured a large ensemble of [27] Each iteration, or chorus, commonly follows twelve bar blues form or thirty-two-bar (AABA) song form. Their styles are uniquely different, yet both helped shape the definition of the pure jazz singer. Ellington recorded this Playing multiple riffs playing at once as a kind of call and response. (click style known as SWING. trumpet. In the 1940s, an intensely virtuosic and Kansas City, in particular, became a wide-open town totally ingrained in the entertainment business. The Swing Era: The Development of Jazz, 19301945. and ingenuity. "Stachmo") is arguably the most influential performer in the history In the mid-1930s and early 1940s, [31] A head arrangement is a piece of music that is formed by band members during rehearsal. The music of Count Basie (19041984) represents a leading voice in the big band style. Most swing was performed by Big Bands, which were literally big bands, divided into trumpets, saxophones, trombones, and a rhythm section consisting mostly of drums, bass, guitar, and piano. [24] In many cases, however, the distinction between these roles can become blurred. The term "big band" is also used to describe a genre of music, although this was not the only style of music played by big bands. jazz-fusion (combining elements of jazz and rock musics). CROSBY, Frank SINATRA, and Doris DAY, who blossomed as featured vocalists with prominent bands is called the "12-bar blues." (Change the second verb to the future progressive form.). The trumpet section included four trumpets; the first was responsible for the highest notes. bWkwf>JW'wJj_]6/?NxP]-0_wg"2;WjbuY5sujr7g/sueG>trp~ZBV7]M(//m!o/f[^fb]x>f]aX?UnAW|ng)]s? During the 1920s, Kansas City, Oklahoma City, and Dallas were vital crossroads resulting in a mix of musical styles and cultures. As a result of the military draft and transportation hardships in the U.S., the swing era ended quickly. However, jazz continued its artistic evolution as swing became established around 1929. A distinction is often made between so-called "hard bands", such as those of Count Basie and Tommy Dorsey, which emphasized quick hard-driving jump tunes, and "sweet bands", such as the Glenn Miller Orchestra and the Shep Fields Rippling Rhythm Orchestra,[41][42]. Ive listed someSwing Era Jazz musicians below. clarinetist, In the late 1940s, progressive As swing developed, the second player became responsible for most of the jazz solos. Trumpets provide a brash buzzing sound thats well suited for a melody. HWYo8~G ("b+[:r$%_r8oFdnIt]5pu\Kr|z~+au/I8vTm3}` e African American big band arrangers such as Fletcher Henderson and Eddie Durham were major contributors to the success of white bandleaders such as Benny Goodman, Artie Shaw, and Glen Miller. The trumpet section included four trumpets; the first was responsible for the highest notes. an important catalyst in the socio-political and artistic transformation of Here are the five most common swing band instruments, and how they commonly fit into swing music. serene style of "cool jazz" became the rage on the west coast. New York: Oxford University Press, 1997. Walter Page is often credited with developing the walking bass,[38] though earlier examples exist, such as Wellman Braud on Ellington's Washington Wabble from 1927. The repertoire of swing bands featured both jazz and popular arrangements. a vocalist with piano or a small backup group. The focus shifted away from the arranger and toward the improvising performer. They provide the base, the foundation on which the rest of the music can thrive. Art-music composer/conductor Leonard Swing as Popular Music 1. Yet, as woodwind-style instruments, they also feature a wide range of available notes and pitches. Big bands generally have four sections: trumpets, trombones, saxophones, and a rhythm section of guitar, piano, double bass, and drums. II era. Gioia, Ted. ways. They used their voices as instruments to demonstrate their command of scat singing. Special thanks to Dr. Portia K. Maultsby and to the Advisory Scholars for their commitment and thought-provoking contributions to this resource. Hickman's arranger, Ferde Grof, wrote arrangements in which he divided the jazz orchestra into sections that combined in various ways. Many musical styles contributed to its birth. [28] This development may take the form of improvised solos, written solo sections, and "shout choruses". Swing grew out of New Orleans Jazz and the evolved into Bebop. Ellington expanded Armstrong's small trombone. Swing is sandwiched between two huge historical events. highly-improvisatory new style of jazz called "Bebop" was developed Many swing-era compositions were written by professional songwriters employed by song publishing companies. characterized by independent instrumental lines, massive harmonic dissonance, So the Swing Era was during the Depression and it acted as a kind of counter-statement or rebellion against the unemployment and misery that the Depression caused. Benny GOODMAN (1909-1986): Sing, Sing, Sing! In the 1970s, popular fusion groups included BLOOD, SWEAT & TEARS, CHICAGO, and SANTANA With the exception of Jelly Roll Morton, who continued playing in the New Orleans style, bandleaders paid attention to the demand for dance music and created their own big bands. Vocalists began to strike out on their own. during the World War II years. have emerged: "Free jazz" (a "random" loosely-structured The Double Bass is shaped like other string instruments such as the guitar or violin. His "C" Dance bands had made phonograph records since the days of ragtime. clip on the basic jazz rhythm section. [48][49][50] Big band remotes on the major radio networks spread the music from ballrooms and clubs across the country during the 1930s and 1940s, with remote broadcasts from jazz clubs continuing into the 1950s on NBC's Monitor. often feature virtuoso performers, on Big bands started as accompaniment for dancing. Fletcher Henderson (18971952) is credited with creating the pattern for swing arrangements. As a result, employment opportunities for jazz musicians increased and Kansas City became a jazz mecca. grooves), - He created his band as a vehicle for his compositions. featuring trumpeter Chet BAKER). here to see a YouTube video on "swing" groove vs. other types of This expansive eclecticism characterized much of jazz after World War II. The Lindy Hop became popular again and young people took an interest in big band styles again. In the late 1940s, progressive Pianist and vocalist Sarah Vaughan also influenced many singers. [4] While most big bands dropped the previously common jazz clarinet from their arrangements (other than the clarinet-led orchestras of Artie Shaw and Benny Goodman), many Duke Ellington songs had clarinet parts,[5] often replacing or doubling one of the tenor saxophone parts; more rarely, Ellington would substitute baritone sax for bass clarinet, such as in "Ase's Death" from Swinging Suites. Typically the most prominent shows with the earliest time slots and largest audiences have bigger bands with horn sections while those in later time slots go with smaller, leaner ensembles. until you reach The latter included blues, ballads, novelty songs, and Broadway tunes. Blues tradition, then became popular with white listeners during the World War Performers played, sang, danced, and presented shows and stand-up comedy in these large entertainment venues. style based on a faster, danceable beat with featured improvised solos. From three to five plyers on each instrument might be used. Only hotel-type bands such as that of Guy Lombardo and select jazz players such as Benny Goodman found consistent employment. (say, the brass section, i.e., trumpets and trombones) would play a musical phrase and then be "answered" by another section (say, the . and Ph. creating a style known as "Dixieland" Jazz or In highly improvisatory style called Bebop, The first jazz concert, called A Swing Music Concert took place in 1936 in New York City. ensemble intimate style of Dixieland jazz into a harder-edged full band sound. A ballad is a simple song, usually romantic in nature, and uses the same melody for each stanza. They can be used to produce a melody or harmony for nearly every musical style. (called a "chorus"). This also contributed to the loose and spontaneous feel of KC Jazz. performers such Louis ARMSTRONG completed the transition from Instead of just embellishing the melody, he created a whole new melody based on the songs harmony by arpeggiating the chords and adding further chord alterations and substitutions to make his solo more complex. The Timeline of African American Music has been made possible in part by a major grant from theNational Endowment for the Humanities: Democracy demands wisdom. In general, swing refers to the music of large dance bands that played written arrangements. black jazz musicians developed an intense In the 1950s, Stan Kenton referred to his band's music as "progressive jazz", "modern", and "new music". [36]:p.31, Before 1910, social dance in America was dominated by steps such as the waltz and polka. was introduced with greater emphasis on the soloist. Other bandleaders used Brazilian and Afro-Cuban music with big band instrumentation, and big bands led by arranger Gil Evans, saxophonist John Coltrane (on the album Ascension from 1965) and bass guitarist Jaco Pastorius introduced cool jazz, free jazz and jazz fusion, respectively, to the big band domain. Some large contemporary European jazz ensembles play mostly avant-garde jazz using the instrumentation of the big bands. of Company B (1941). This was in part due to a political organization called the Pendergast Machine which encouraged a nightclub atmosphere. The saxophone features a curved reed mouthpiece and a long brass tube that gradually expands before doubling back and bellowing outwards. Figure 1: The Western Jazz Quartet (piano: Tucker, Sherrie. [47] In Kansas City and across the Southwest, an earthier, bluesier style was developed by such bandleaders as Bennie Moten and, later, by Jay McShann and Jesse Stone. YouTube clip with basic piano chords). Trumpet image courtesy: PJ via Wikimedia Commons, Saxophone image courtesy: via Wikimedia Commons, Keyboard image courtesy: Eurotuber via Wikimedia Commons, Double Bass image courtesy: David Price via Wikimedia Commons, Drum set image courtesy: Pbroks13 via Wikimedia Commons, Gumbo image courtesy: Amadscientist via Wikimedia Commons, For more than 10 years, The Classic Swing Band of Dallas has offered the best in live entertainment. Samplephonics Soulful Brass Constructions Goodmans band was the first to integrate black and white musicians. As swing developed, the second player became responsible for most of the jazz solos. Later, a fifth bass trombone was often added. In the 1960s, Gunther SCHULLER developed a style known as "Third It is usually played by big band ensembles that use a rhythm section with drums, bass, sometimes a guitar, and almost always a piano, a brass section of trumpets and trombones, and a reed section of saxophones and clarinets. Sweet Swing (people like Glenn Miller) had less improvisation, was a bit slower, restrained with a slight swing feel, and was for the white upper class dinner parties. 1554 0 obj <> endobj Jazz is America's Q G("CH^T)daA]yg~zN^y>.g~01D%>7dj.|K+8'9 q*U!i|O1#"v\YOGtc_GD1JL. introduction, the main theme, and four varied improvised choruses. The Henderson band is considerably larger than most syncopated dance bands of the 1920s (eight or nine musicians). [9] During the 1940s, somewhat smaller configurations of the big band emerged in the form of the "rhythm sextet". of the most creative composers in the history of jazz, particularly renowned The band features selections mostly from the swing era, with a dose of 50's Sinatra and 60's hipsters. [14][12][13] [15][16][17][18], Twenty-first century big bands can be considerably larger than their predecessors, exceeding 20 players, with some European bands using 29 instruments and some reaching 50. When you mentioned the word Jazz to the average person, they probably think of Swing music, and for good reason. Charlie Parkers album South of the Border illustrated the influence of this genre on a bop artist, and the Tokyo Cuban Boys, an Afro-Cuban band dating from the postWorld War II years, exemplified the musics international appeal. the jukebox The popular appeal of Benny Goodman's Trio and Quartet had a good deal to do with the extroverted energy of Lionel Hampton and Gene Krupa 3. Unlike the concert band, the lead players should never be seated on the end of the section. In the late 1960s, Jazz trumpeter Miles Unlike the vague term 'orchestra', writing for a big band is a little more specific with regards to the instruments and number of players at your disposal. Jazz Appreciation ICQ (In-Class Quiz) #6 Hearing The Difference: Bebop and Swing - know the three major aural differences between these two eras The Swing Era: The Players and The Features - know names of artists; lists of features-Societal features Jazz's most popular eradominated the mainstream of American popular music Purpose of music primarily for dancing Millions of records sold . In New Orleans, black Rhythm Section: (click here to see a YouTube YouTube clip with basic piano chords, click here to see a YouTube Cubans Mario Bauz and Machito (Francisco Ral Gutirrez Grillo), founder of the Afro-Cubans; Puerto Rican Ernesto Antonio Tito Puente with Oye como va; and Afro-Cuban drummer Chano Pozo (Luciano Pozo Gonzlez), famous for playing with and influencing Dizzy Gillespies Manteca, were among the most prominent band leaders and musicians. Traveling conditions and lodging were difficult, in part due to segregation in most parts of the United States, and the personnel often had to perform having had little sleep and food. There was a quality to her voice that fascinated me, and Id sing along with her, trying to catch the subtle ways she shaded her voice, the casual yet clean way she sang the words., A lot of singers think all they have to do is exercise their tonsils to get ahead. Many Kansas City bands featured head arrangements, which were . Explain your opinion in a book review. art form--a unique blending of West African and Western European/American style, boogie-woogie was born. freedom vs. chaos. Benny Goodman (19091986) was a superior clarinetist who began appearing on stage by the age of twelve. : The rhythmic phenomenon of "swing" feeling is counting pattern over again for each successive variation of the pattern "[34][35] Head arrangements were more common during the period of the 1930s because there was less turnover in personnel, giving the band members more time to rehearse. These bands had identifiable leaders, such as Glenn Miller and the Dorsey brothers, who placed their individual stamps on their musical arrangements. Swing music began appearing in the early 1930s and was distinguished by a more supple feel than the more literal 44 of early jazz. And they played a particular type of Swing in Kansas City known as: Kansas City Jazz. He was the recipient of a Fulbright Lecturing/Research Fellowship in Japan, where he taught courses in African American History and researched the history of jazz in Japan. The better jazz musicians of swing bands would form swing combos within most large bands. The "white" bands of Benny Goodman, Artie Shaw, Tommy Dorsey, Shep Fields and, later, Glenn Miller were more popular than their "black" counterparts from the middle of the decade. are described below. to jazz, Swing bands featured orchestras with sections of trumpets, saxophones, and _________________. One of the most common forms used in jazz Her vocal command expanded to an unusual range of four octaves, and she is best known for her melodic approach to scatting. In 1919, Paul Whiteman hired Grof to use similar techniques for his band. BERNSTEIN also incorporated Cool completely abandoned the song's melody, which has made this style less Swing Shift: All Girl Bands of the 1940s. Bassists generally assumed the role of timekeeper, while drummers functioned in a dual capacity. performing at the same time. The International Sweethearts of Rhythm, the first multiethnic all-female swing band, formed in 1937 at Piney Woods County Life School, Mississippi. ", One of the most common forms used in jazz Many bands toured the country in grueling one-night stands. He toured in many parts of the world and was also commissioned to record classical compositions. Social life changed and large ballrooms were needed for the thousands who wanted to dance every night and large bands seemed to be the answer to filling these dance halls with music. Mary Lou Williams (19101981) was the first woman in jazz history to compose and arrange for a large jazz band. For this reason the pianists left hand generally just played chords on the beat; while his right hand built rhythmic patterns around chords and chord tone, and especially guide tone often just playing arpeggios or simple bluesy licks. 2. Check them out, though Im sure you would already recognise many of them. New York in the late 1920s. During the "Roaring Jazz elements into his famous musical, 0 Rewrite each sentence following the instructions in parentheses. Four trombones comprised the trombone section. Whiteman started his first band in San Francisco in 1918 and his fame spread into the 1920s. Lead players (alto sax 1, trombone 1 and trumpet 1) should be in the middle of their sections, in a direct line with one another. Among all the jazz vocalists that followed, most cite her as having the most influence on their scatting style. Transcontinental trips often required a stop in one of these cities. Beacon, 2006. For example, Tommy Dorsey played with a beautiful tone and control on the trombone. who specialized in less improvised tunes with more emphasis on sentimentality, featuring somewhat slower-paced, often heart-felt songs.[43]. $27.95. A drummer, bass player (string bass), piano player, and guitarist formed the rhythm section. . Since keyboards are essentially advanced incarnations of pianos, they can be used to quietly accompany the rhythm section of a swing band or to play a quiet harmony. Miller went in debt to start his band but was a millionaire within two years. Sometimes bandstands were too small, public address systems inadequate, pianos out of tune. Compared to Dixieland bands, swing bands used two or three times as many players and produced a fuller sound. Print, p. 226, Learn how and when to remove this template message, "Ellingtonians salute swing era clarinets", Discography of American Historical Recordings: Charles Magnante's Accordion Quartette with guitar and string bass on uscb.edu, "Leone Jump; Swing Low, Sweet Chariot; The Jazz Me Blues; Nursery Rhymes", Discography of American Historical Recordings- John Serrapica (aka John Serry) as a member of the Charles Magnante Accordion Quartette with guitar and string bass on uscb.edu, "JazzTimes 10: Great Modern Big-Band Recordings", "Difference Between Music Composer & Arranger", "Composer Maria Schneider Returns, With A Reckoning, On 'Data Lords', "Billy Strayhorn's Lush Life Beyond Duke Ellington", "Big Band Arranging: for composers, orchestrators and arrangers: 16, Solos and Backgrounds", "Inside the Score in the 21st Century: Techniques for Contemporary Large Jazz Ensemble Composition", "1910s Pop Trend: The Ragtime Dance Craze", "George Robert Crosby Bandleader, Vocalist, Actor, Radio/TV Host", "Sounds of Hot Jazz Stay Warm: Harry James Band to Play at the Mission", "Chapter 11. orchestral jazz crossover movement that had an enormous impact on getting white The History of Jazz. hb```. @1&$3.YTyfx.=**hE+f|5SSz/=n/ The swing era followed boogie-woogie. The swing era was the one time that jazz was a truly popular style. While all my lessons are free, if you find them useful please consider donating to help keep them coming. The instrumental lineup of a big band will vary from ensemble to ensemble, but is typically composed of around 17 musicians, divided into four sections: five saxophones; four trombones; four trumpets; a rhythm section of piano, double bass and drums; Common additions might include guitar, french horn, tuba or a vocalist. Cool Jazz Maria Schneider assisted Gil Evans, wrote for Woody Herman and Mel Lewis, and has conducted jazz orchestras around the world.
KC Jazz is characterised by: And because KC Jazzsongs were riff based, they were often played from memory by the band (rather than from sheet music). a hint of improvisationthe scores are completely written out '20s," "HOT" JAZZ can keep track of this form by counting to 4 twelve times ("1 2 3 4", "2 2 3 4", "3 2 3 4", "4 2 3 4", "5 2 3 4", etc. trombones Swing music appealed most dramatically to this demographic group: teenagers A "shout chorus" is: the final, climactic chorus in an arrangement Which changes occurred in the rhythm section during the 1930s? When the tradition came back full-circle into vocal jazz with a more traditional instruments such as horn, cello, flute and oboe. (1899-1974): The In a big band jazz group, at least three trumpets, two trombones, four or more saxophones, and a rhythm section of piano, guitar, bass, and drums are combined with a vocal element. In the 1960s and 1970s, big band rock became popular by integrating such musical ingredients as progressive rock experimentation, jazz fusion, and the horn choirs often used in blues and soul music, with some of the most prominent groups including Chicago; Blood, Sweat and Tears; Tower of Power; and, from Canada, Lighthouse. Keyboards are some of the most versatile instruments out there. Apple Loops/REX/WAV. "Duke" ELLINGTON He was also a band leader and arranger who traveled throughout Europe and Japan during the 1950s and 1960s. Music is My Mistress. A. Rolfe, Anna Mae Winburn, and Ina Ray Hutton.[35]. Loops are played at 120 and 125 bpm. Two other musical characteristics of swing bands are a return to the use of a flat-four rhythm and the use of block chords (chords with many notes moving in parallel motion). grooves, click The swing era took place during which two important historical events? Whiteman was educated in classical music, and he called his new band's music symphonic jazz. Led by an African American woman, this 16-member band gained notoriety across the United States and in Europe, despite the challenge of imposed racial and gender restrictions. "It Don't Mean a Thing (If It Ain't Got That Swing)" - Duke Ellington & Ella Fitzgerald, It Dont Mean a Thing (If It Aint Got That Swing),, Kansas City was the swingingest sound in the world. attractive to general listeners. Modern big bands can be found playing all styles of jazz music. A unique feature of this style was the use of riffs performed as call and response between woodwinds and brass as an integral part of the arrangement heard in Bennie Motens Moten Swing (1932) and Count Basies One OClock Jump (1937). Theyre noticeable, but not overwhelming. White teenagers and young adults were the principal fans of the big bands in the late 1930s and early 1940s. His bebop collaborations with trumpeter Dizzy GILLESPIE are some of the greatest moments in music history. Later, A. [19], It is useful to distinguish between the roles of composer, arranger and leader. Duke Ellington wrote a song in 1931 titled It Dont Mean a Thing (If It Aint Got That Swing), and for a generation of music lovers those were words to live by. This form maintains the same chord Jimmy Rushing, Oklahoma City native and early member of the Blue Devils, set a style in blues and jazz that was imitated widely by others. His music was a combination of solo and ensemble playing. Hickman relied on Ferde Grof, Whiteman on Bill Challis. Columbia, Victor, and Decca were the three most important, Swing bands featured sections of trumpets, saxophones, and. harmony, structure and instrumentation. "8-to-the-bar" rhythmic structure: (LONG-short-LONG-short-LONG-short-LONG-short), 1 2 Carnegie Hall in New York City presented Benny Goodman jazz concerts for the first time in 1938. early style of "Hot Jazz" made its way north to Chicago and east to During the swing era, popular, blues, and jazz vocalists were essential to big band performances. collectively . A big band typically consists of approximately 12 to 25 musicians and contains saxophones, trumpets, trombones, and a rhythm section. Since the 1920s, Jazz world. For the sentence below, write prepositional phrase and underline the preposition. (optional) Select some text on the page (or do this before you open the "Notes" drawer).

swing bands featured sections of trumpets, saxophones, and 2023