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How does he respond to the claim that the brainwasher is responsible for cult-man's actions (Principle of Transfer)? All are principals. As a sufficient condition for moral responsibility, the principle of alternate possibilities reads as follows: A person is morally responsible for what they have done if they could have done otherwise. south glens falls school tax bills mozart: violin concerto 4 analysis mozart: violin concerto 4 analysis The answer is that all that these advantages can give us is the accumulation of a larger number of bigger and better atomic bombs. PAP(s) is not vulnerable to Frankfurts or similar counter-examples. Inherent within each of the aforementioned sufficient conditions is a role for alternate possibilities. There is only rent., Stating that Broadacre City is the only democratic form for a city due to its systematic integration of individual units, Wright embraces the existing highway system. It is undoubtedly true that the discovery of flying, for example, has so far brought much more misery than enjoyment and profit to humanity. Accumulations of this kind could be rapidly converted into atomic bombs if a nation should break away from international control. The Principle of Alternate Possibilities as Sufficient but not Necessary for Moral Responsibility: A way to Avoid the Frankfurt Counter-Example, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11406-016-9690-2, Moral Responsibility, Alternative Possibilities, and Acting on Ones Own, Individually Sufficient and Disjunctively Necessary Conditions for Moral Responsibility, The Robustness Requirement on Alternative Possibilities, Problems with Rowlands Practical Conciliationism, How (not) to construct worlds with responsibility, In Search of the Trinity: A Dilemma for Parfits Conciliatory Project, Being and holding responsible: Reconciling the disputants through a meaning-based Strawsonian account, Lueck, Bryan: Obligation and the fact of sense, Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh, 2019, ISBN: 978 1 4744 4272 5. Likewise: Here, S should not be morally praised for E in W1 as we must conclude that some form of intervention has occurred thereby making Ss action in W1 incongruent with what he would have done in W2. Oxford: Blackwell. We are ready to renounce its use in the future if other nations join us in this renunciation and agree to the establishment of an efficient control.". The necessity of some role for alternate possibilities does not, however, in and of itself, make necessary the clause that S (or whoever) could have done otherwise. Explain the "Frankfurt case" of Jones & Black argument against PAP. Contemporaries who agreed with Franck's argument in the second and third paragraphs regarding the need for an international agreement would most likely have made which of the following arguments to support their problem- The peace agreements should ensure that Germany could never threaten the stability of Europe again. Both architects had utopian, all-encompassing plans for their ideal American city, combining social as well as architectural ideas. Libertarianism and Frankfurts attack on the principle of alternative possibilities. All of us, familiar with the present state of nucleonics, live with the vision before our eyes of sudden destruction visited on our own country, of a Pearl Harbor disaster repeated in thousand-fold magnification in every one of our major cities. Art for Art's Sake is basically a call for release from the tyranny of meaning and purpose. If the government should decide in favor of an early demonstration of nuclear weapons, it will then have the possibility of taking into account the public opinion of this country and of the other nations before deciding whether these weapons should be used against Japan. Zagzebski, L. (2000). In 1906, Wendell T. Bush became associated with the Journal as co-editor. the concept of the Congress representing the collective constituency of the whole country Rjwala is your freely social learning platform. I follow this with a discussion on how PAP(s) is able to withstand the challenge set by Frankfurt-style scenarios, before moving on to consider a further sufficient condition for moral responsibility. Question 10. Alternative possibilities and causal histories. Which of the following arguments would a supporter of using nuclear weapons against Japan have. Division of Psychology, Nottingham Trent University, Burton Street, Nottingham, NG1 4BU, UK, You can also search for this author in Unless an effective international control of nuclear explosives is instituted, a race for nuclear armaments is certain to ensue following the first revelation of our possession of nuclear weapons to the world. They did not become known as "The Federalist Papers" until the 20th century. This further condition which I am calling twin world explains why we are still justified in assigning moral responsibility to an agent who fails to satisfy PAP in the manner described within Frankfurts counter-example. 22 Ibid, at 124, 126-127. The only reason to treat nuclear power differently from all other developments in the field of physics is the possibility of its use as a means of political pressure in peace and sudden destruction in war. positions that the constituents of several representatives hold in common. It hardly needs stressing that we as scientists believe that any systems of control envisaged should leave as much freedom for the peacetime development of nucleonics as is consistent with the safety of the world. But if you look at their . Stump, E. (1996). Underline each predicate nominative in the following sentences. Contemporaries who agreed with Franck's argument for an international agreement would likely argue that nuclear weapons pose a global threat that cannot be addressed by individual states alone. "He has refused to pass other Laws for the accommodation of large districts of people.". c) Csar Franck was born in Belgium but established his career as a composer, organist, and influential teacher in France, most prestigiously at the Paris Conservatoire and at the church of Sainte-Clotilde. Never mentioning Le Corbusier by name, Wright nonetheless references his contemporarys argument by using Le Corbusiers terms and ideas directly and responding (unfavorably) to them, but The Times introduction makes the connection to the earlier article by Le Corbusier perfectly clear, describing Wrights ideas as diametrically opposed to Le Corbusiers. Voting booth, only interferes if the person would do something else. Yet, in the twin world condition, the role played by alternate possibilities is not one of being available to S, such that he could have done other than he did on a particular occasion (as required by PAP(s) and W2), because, of course, they are not available. Philosophia In 1932, both described these ideas in The New York Times; in these two articles Frank Lloyd Wright and Le Corbusier made their differing beliefs perfectly clear to the public. Harry Frankfurt's description of the distinctly human quality of forming desires about their desires, opinions about their opinions. Le Corbusiers opinions of technology during his time continue to ring eerily true today. Russia and China are the only great nations at present which could survive a nuclear attack. We have invented the machine and it should be liberating our minds and our leisure hours. And that's the way . He can place his "infernal machines" in advance in all our major cities and explode them simultaneously, thus destroying a major part of our industry and a large part of our population, aggregated in densely populated metropolitan districts. Given that Jones (in a typical Frankfurt-style scenario) has no alternate possibilities available to him, and therefore could not have done other than he did, how might one formulate the condition under which we would be justified in attributing moral responsibility to him? Given mutual trust and willingness on all sides to give up a certain part of their sovereign rights, by admitting international control of certain phases of national economy, the control could be exercised (alternatively or simultaneously) on two different levels. From a progressive modernist's point of view, it was a further exercise of freedom. Pereboom, D. (2009). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11406-016-9690-2, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11406-016-9690-2. In the following sentence, underline the collective noun once. What this means is that alternate possibilities are necessary in some form for the ascription of moral responsibility but not necessarily in the form by which one could have acted otherwise on a given occasion, as the original formulation of PAP demands. In his opening sentence, Wright implores us not to childishly try to tear the city down to get the green country in and set the city up in it again on its old site feudal towers a little further apart, in an obvious first punch. b) They would point out that the catastrophic consequences of a nuclear war would affect not only the warring nations but also the entire world. But this is not a necessary one; although, where satisfied, it is sufficient for the ascription of moral responsibility, as I have discussed. Philosophia 44, 961969 (2016). Describes a situation in which someone is morally responsible but is unable to do otherwise. In the past, science has often been able to provide also new methods of protection against new weapons of aggression it made possible, but it cannot promise such efficient protection against the destructive use of nuclear power. (1959) from Harvard University, and in 1995 was awarded an LL.d. The key aspect of this solution he termed autostrades, elevated motorways 16 feet (4.8 meters) above the pedestrian domain on the ground. Responsibility and inevitability. The Journal of Philosophy was founded in 1904 as The Journal of Philosophy, Psychology, and Scientific Methods by Frederick J. E. Woodbridge and J. McKeen Cattell. What is a second-order wanton? An agreement on a higher level, involving more mutual trust and understanding, would be to allow unlimited production, but keep exact bookkeeping on the fate of each pound of uranium mined. Which claim is best supported by the evidence included in these maps-, Nationalistic movements influenced the borders in Europe at the end of World War I, The Balkans were referred to as the' "Powder keg of Europe" in the period before WWI because of their-, Blamed jews for Germany's loss of World War I, The Nuremberg Laws were written in order to, What is an immediate result of these laws enacted by the Nazi Party--, German Jews were stripped of personal liberties and property rights, Between which two years did the number of collective farms increase the most, Which of the following events was a result of the policy illustrated in the chart-, Which claim can best be supported by this passage-, New technology made warfare more destructive, Which of the following is a result of the historical trend present in the passage-, What implications is the author trying to make in the excerpt-, the Japanese militaristic culture fostered a dehumanization Chinese civilians lives, Which best helps explain the passage in its broader historical context-, The consequences of total war tactics on civilian populations, The example of mass atrocity and genocide introduced in the passage is most similar to which of the following examples, The allied forces firebombing of German cities like Hamburg or Dresden killing thousands, Social Studies American History: Reconstruction to the Present Guided Reading Workbook. It may be asked whether we cannot prevent the development of military nucleonics in other countries by a monopoly on the raw materials of nuclear power. The first major challenge to this interpretation was advanced in Germany in the 1960s, where the historian Fritz Fischer published a startling new thesis on the origins of the war which threatened to overthrow the existing consensus. Charles Yu is the author of How to Live Safely in a Science Fictional Universe, which was named one of the best books of the year by Time magazine. In the scenario above, involving Jones and the counterfactual intervener, Black or even in similar Frankfurt-style scenarios arguably clauses (a) and (b) are violated. s the chief of staff. Published By: Journal of Philosophy, Inc. What are they supposed to show, according to Dennett? Although important tactical results undoubtedly can be achieved by a sudden introduction of nuclear weapons, we nevertheless think that the question of the use of the very first available atomic bombs in the Japanese war should be weighed very carefully, not only by military authorities, but by the highest political leadership of this country. rock creek ranch bc contemporaries who agreed with franck's argument. Jefferson's key arguments for independence consisted primarily of the Crown's imposition of taxes and trade restrictions onto the Colonies, but was quite clear about the issue not being the severity of the offense but much more in that the Crown had overstepped lines of mutual respect and consent, ie "No Taxation Without Representation." This poster appeals to the US citizens by linking-, The World War II military action shown on Map 2 was significant because it-, forced Germany to fight the allies on eastern and western fronts, Using both maps and your historical knowledge, how do the maps exemplify one reason there is Soviet resentment towards the allies after World War II, the original allied strategy led to a significant number of soviet casualties despite soveit urging to spit German forces on two bonds, THE INDIVIDUAL TO SERVE THE NEEDS OF THE STATE, Fascist rule in italy under Mussolini was popular because it-, Promised a strong, confident government powers to the lower classes, who had been oppressed for centuries, How was Bolshevik Revolution in Russia similar to the rise of fascism in Germany and Italy-, Justify the use of nuclear weapons against Japanese cities with large civilian populations-, Japanese government propaganda instilled fierce, suicidal, nationalism in the Japanese population, making japan unlikely to surrender unconditionally without experiencing the effects of nuclear weapons, Contemporaries who agreed with Franck's argument in the second and third paragraphs regarding the need for an international agreement would most likely have made which of the following arguments to support their problem-. Thus, Jones cannot satisfy (a). The achievement of such an agreement will thus essentially depend on the integrity of intentions and readiness to sacrifice the necessary fraction of one's own sovereignty, by all the parties to the agreement. If he changed his SOD, it would not make a difference. Ginet, C., & Palmer, D. (2010). Article The superego operates both unconsciously and . Third parties often bring attention to topics that are unpopular or unknown. Professor Franck The amounts of ore taken out of the ground at different locations could be controlled by resident agents of the international Control Board, and each nation could be allotted only an amount which would make large-scale separation of fissionable isotopes impossible. 23 Ibid, at 119. Why Frankfurt-examples dont need to succeed to succeed. In addition, I provide a further sufficient condition for moral responsibility the twin world condition and argue that this provides a means of justifying why the protagonist in Frankfurt-style scenarios (e.g., Jones) is still felt to be morally responsible. As such, S fails to satisfy both PAP(s) and the twin world condition, and should not therefore be held to account, morally. If indeterminism is true, then nothing prior to the choice could indicate which way he will go. a) The answer to this question was given above -- the compelling reason for creating this weapon with such speed was our fear that Germany had the technical skill necessary to develop such a weapon and that the German government had no moral restraints regarding its use. Example 1. Instead, the role played by alternative possibilities in the twin world condition is more subjunctive, insofar as what is described is a possibility rather than an actuality. What would have to occur in order for the twin world condition not to be satisfied? One thing is clear: any international agreement on prevention of nuclear armaments must be backed by actual and efficient controls. here our team solve your academic problems daily. Not to mention, the natural landscape certainly was not given priority in planning most suburban settlements. Typically, we want to ascribe moral responsibility to Jones because he decided to carry out an act that, let us say, we judge to be morally reprehensible. Amenities are spread along the highways and homes are nestled in parks and gardens and small farms, all surrounded by beautiful natural landscapes; Wright argues that 1,000 people to the hectare (2.47 acres) is looking not so far ahead. One may point out that scientists themselves have initiated the development of this "secret weapon" and it is therefore strange that they should be reluctant to try it out on the enemy as soon as it is available. honoris causa by the University of British Columbia. 95110). On the other hand, it may be argued that without an early demonstration it may prove difficult to obtain adequate support for further intensive development of nucleonics in this country and that thus the time gained by the postponement of an open armaments race will not be properly used. ), Philosophical perspectives, 14, Action and Freedom: A Supplement to Nos, (pp. In other words, there is nothing to be lost in terms of our commitment to understanding the conditions for moral accountability by treating PAP as a sufficient condition, but much to be gained: for not only is PAP(s) impervious to Frankfurt-style counter-examples (as noted) but, perhaps more importantly, it opens up debate on what other factors are likewise sufficient for moral responsibility as the Frankfurt-style scenarios seem to indicate and which, if any, is necessary. Which of these characteristics of world war I is illustrated by this central message? Believing that this separation would solve both pedestrian safety and automobile traffic concerns, Le Corbusier states that [t]he only solution is to restore to the pedestrian the surface of the city, all the surface, the earth. Believing that the society of his day was not properly utilizing the machines which they had created, and that the current cities were all outdated, the core of Le Corbusiers ideas for Ville Radieuse is epitomized in the description, knowledge, ethics, and esthetics, all are one, expressed in architecture; a new unity.. In: J. E. Tomberlin (Ed. In the context of Frankfurts scenario, which I am equating to W1, it is made clear that Jones did what he did irrespective of Blacks wishes, and therefore without the need for Blacks intervention. It could be suggested that the danger of destruction by nuclear weapons can be avoided -- at least as far as this country is concerned -- either by keeping our discoveries secret for an indefinite time, or else by developing our nuclear armaments at such a pace that no other nations would think of attacking us from fear of overwhelming retaliation. Thomas M. Franck Murry and Ida Becker Professor of Law Emeritus Professor Franck graduated from the University of British Columbia with a b.a. Over the years, variations on this sign have appeared, such as flushing bright red (Blumenfeld, 1971) or similarly blushing (Widerker 1995), the monitoring of the protagonists brain for an unspecified sign (Fischer and Ravizza 1991, and Zagzebski 2000), the initiation of a specified sequence of neuronal excitation (Stump 1996) or a neurological pattern in the brain (Fischer 2002), the subjects deliberations and intentions (McKenna 2005), or even the occurrence of moral reasoning of a specified force (Pereboom 2000). 13. In conclusion, I aim to have shown that by positioning the principle of alternate possibilities as a sufficient condition for the ascription of moral responsibility, rather than as necessary, PAP(s) amounts to as useful a maxim as PAP for determining moral accountability.