University Of Bristol Kink Society, Who Is Nikita Kahn, Houses For Rent In Lodi, Ca Craigslist, Samuel Walker Shepard, Tow Yard Auctions San Diego, Articles W

d. short-term psychodynamic therapy. Understanding a person's unconscious processes is critical in explaining abnormality. 39. The _____ operates in accord with the pleasure principle. How effective is the sociocultural model at explaining psychopathology and its treatment. c. Cultural factors might create a climate favorable for the development of certain disorders. 91. Nikolai runs past, grabs some of the cookies, and runs away. When Mathias did not get a job for which he applied, he was sure that everything was going wrong, that his life was completely off track. What exactly are some of the neurotransmitters which are so critical for neural transmission, and are essential to our discussion of psychopathology? c. gestalt Which model of abnormality MOST closely aligns with positive psychology? d. reality principle. a. tertiary b. mutual-help c. cognitive-behavioral d. integrative behavioral. In explaining why women are diagnosed with anxiety disorders and depression twice as often as men, multicultural therapists would focus on: a. the biological differences between men and women. a. disengaged b. neglectful c. enmeshed d. belittling. Third, he relied solely on the reports of his patients and sought no observer reports. What is that factor? Racial, ethnic, and cultural factors are also relevant to understanding the development and course of mental illness. Since your Italian professor did not provide a study guide, you didnt study for the midterm. Briefly outline how communication in the nervous system occurs. Most report that their symptoms decline, leading them to feel better and improve their functioning. All while doing this, we will identify areas of concern for psychologists focused on the treatment of mental disorders. Antidepressants are used to treat depression, but also anxiety, insomnia, and pain. b. support the ideas of positive psychology. Consider hunger, and the associated rumbling of our stomach, fatigue, lack of energy, etc., that motivates us to find and eat food. No one form of couple therapy stands out as superior to others. According to Freud, another term for the symbolic meaning of dreams is: a. positive transference. If my father seems genuinely happy and pleased with himself after bagging groceries his way, then I will be more likely to adopt this behavior. As noted earlier, the idea of people being machines, called mechanism, was a key feature of behaviorism and other schools of thought in psychology until about the 1960s or 1970s. a. cognitive-behavioral This perspective is part of the behavioral humanistic O psychodynamic O d. comitive Which of the following statements regarding the abnormal behavior of faulty perceptions or interpretations of reality is TRUE? The good thing is that what is learned can be unlearned or relearned through behavior modification, the process of changing behavior. These words have no affective connotation to them, meaning they do not imply good or bad. a. What are the three assessment techniques used by Freud? a. starting treatment for a diagnosed mental health condition b. passing out educational materials that describe modifiable risk factors for mental illness c. providing routine mental health screenings, followed by immediate intervention as needed d. advocating for federal legislation that protects individuals mental health in the workplace. d. genes. Don't worry. Examples include abnormal blood levels, damaged cells, and abnormal gene expression. The parasympathetic nervous system calms the body. a. Sociocultural; biological b. Psychodynamic; existential c. Humanistic; cognitive-behavioral d. Cognitive-behavioral; psychodynamic. Electroconvulsive therapy. Source: https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/index.shtml. d. special external pressures faced by members of a culture. PSYCH205-FinalExam-Answers 2.3.1.5. Armed with this stunning revelation, Pavlov spent the rest of his career investigating the learning phenomenon. c. paradigms. Primary refers to reinforcers and punishers that have their effect without having to be learned. Defense mechanisms include the following: For more on defense mechanisms, please visit: https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/fulfillment-any-age/201110/the-essential-guide-defense-mechanisms. Influenza epidemics, caused by viral infections (for more on influenza, please see the following: https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/flu/symptoms-causes/syc-20351719), have also been linked to schizophrenia (Brown et al., 2004; McGrath and Castle, 1995; McGrath et al., 1994; Ocallaghan et al., 1991) though more recent research suggests this evidence is weak at best (Selten & Termorshuizen, 2017; Ebert & Kotler, 2005). The earlier that treatment begins, the more effective it can be., https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/men-and-mental-health/index.shtml, In relation to women: Some disorders are more common in women such as depression and anxiety. d. disturbing and inaccurate assumptions and attitudes. They may be positive and include friendly, affectionate feelings, or negative, and include hostile and angry feelings. The processes described in this model occur at an unconscious level. d. A girl is anxious about giving a speech in front of her class. Psychopharmacology and psychotropic drugs. Thorndike also said that stimulus and responses were connected by the organism, and this led to learning. The Humanistic and Existential Perspectives. Our attribution in these two cases is in error, but still, it comes to affect how we see the world and our subjective well-being. Masons parents always pay special attention to him when he takes toys from his little sister. Humanists would say that an individual who cares about others and who is spontaneous, courageous, and independent is: a. authentic. They act as the instructions to make proteins, and it is estimated by the Human Genome Project that we have between 20,000 and 25,000 genes. Inability to disconfirm Ignoring any evidence that may contradict your maladaptive cognition. He avoids visiting friends with dogs and crosses the street if he sees a person walking a dog coming his way. c. how prejudice and discrimination impact women. c. repression. d. transference. 122. How do socioeconomic, gender, environmental, and multicultural factors affect mental illness and its treatment? You are doing your best. In terms of psychological perspectives, Freuds psychodynamic theory; the learning-related research of Watson, Skinner, and Bandura and Rotter; the cognitive model; and the humanistic and existential perspectives were discussed. d. cognition-focused. Breuers wife, Mathilde, became jealous of her husbands relationship with the young girl, leading Breuer to terminate treatment in June of 1882 before Anna had fully recovered. b. increase feelings of gratitude and decrease feelings of fear. 157. c. double-blind studies. c. consciousness, unconsciousness, and instincts. a. b. neurotransmitters. Both the id and the ego: a. unconsciously seek gratification. d. people who are more devout are also psychologically healthier. a. psychodynamic b. cognitive c. humanistic-existential d. behavioral, 60. For more on the role of genes in the development of mental illness, check out this article from Psychology Today: https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/saving-normal/201604/what-you-need-know-about-the-genetics-mental-disorders. b. give insightful interpretations of the clients statements. 158. The biopsychosocial model states that biological, psychological, and socio-cultural factors are all equally significant ingredients in producing both normal and abnormal behavior.. Choose one answer. c. It is full of abnormal evolutionary principles. c. existential. b. ethnographic studies. a. religion causes people to deal better with the challenges of life. It operates on the reality principle, or an awareness of the need to adjust behavior, to meet the demands of our environment. Lorenzo's therapist frequently reminds him that he has the power to change his situation and that he must take responsibility for his actions. The brain. Food, water, temperature, and sex, for instance, are primary reinforcers, while extreme cold or hot or a punch on the arm are inherently punishing. If you recognize your worth as a person, Carl Rogers would say that you have developed: In the 1960s and 1970s, social upheaval and soul-searching in Western society gave rise to humanistic and existential therapies. b. the role that biology plays in psychological functioning. A psychologist from which background would agree MOST strongly with this statement? c. reject thoughts that are not rational. The same is true of borderline personality disorder. Once the electrical impulse has passed from one segment of the axon to the next, the neuron begins the process of resetting called repolarization. On the other hand, if we see a sibling constantly getting in trouble with the law, then we may not model this behavior due to the negative consequences. 28. They are sexual in nature. Antipsychotics are used to treat psychosis or conditions that affect the mind, and in which there has been some loss of contact with reality, often including delusions (false, fixed beliefs) or hallucinations (hearing or seeing things that are not really there). They can be used to treat eating disorders, severe depression, PTSD, OCD, ADHD, and Generalized Anxiety Disorder. To do this, the client must be aware of the distressing thoughts, when they occur, and their effect on them. However, men are more likely to die by suicide than women, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Biological Treatments for Psychological Abnormalities 145. She ultimately decided not to copy, knowing that doing so was wrong. ABNORMAL CHAPTER 3 - Subjecto.com They can be identified, treated, and monitored by observing and identifying physiological signs. She is very open about herself and shares her thoughts and opinions freely. Still, we must remember that the model is a starting point for the researcher, and due to this, it determines what causes might be investigated at the exclusion of other causes. If a client-centered therapist were treating a very anxious woman, the therapist would try to: a. point out the clients misconceptions. They reflect our unconscious desires and needs. What are some issues facing the biological model? Marvin is very afraid of dogs. b. cultural deprivation that is characteristic of some groups. Asking yourself what if something happens, without being satisfied by any of the answers. d. lend itself easily to research. A patient has social anxiety disorder. Then there is the self-serving bias, which is when we attribute our success to our own efforts (dispositional) and our failures to external causes (situational). According to psychoanalytic theory, which statement is TRUE about dreams? List and define the ten defense mechanisms proposed by Freud. By seeing the model interact nicely with the fear evoking stimulus, their fear should subside. d. displacement. 73. This thought is an example of: a. depression. Hormonal imbalances. The last part of the personality to develop is the superego, which represents societys expectations, moral standards, rules, and represents our conscience. We may think so, but a review of the evidence for and against this statement will show that it does not and reduce how threatening it seems. One option to treat severe mental illness is psychotropic medications. 14. Despite Freuds generalization, his theory was based on only a few patients. Ivan Petrovich Pavlov (1906, 1927, 1928), a Russian physiologist, was interested in studying digestive processes in dogs in response to being fed meat powder. Where do you sit in class, if you are on a physical campus and not an online student? d. past traumatic experiences. a. avoidance b. illogical c. safety d. exposure, 96. The person may think the schedule has simply changed. Behaviorism has also been accused of being mechanistic and seeing people as machines. Ego-defense mechanisms are in place to protect us from this pain but are considered maladaptive if they are misused and become our primary way of dealing with stress. Our focus will be on partial/intermittent reinforcement. Current multicultural perspectives are MOST likely to focus on the: a. inferiority of particular cultural groups. What happens at the synapse during neural transmission? Clarify what psychodynamic techniques are used. These medications fall under five major categories. Researchers are only now beginning to tease apart the various biological and psychosocial factors that may impact the mental health of both women and men., https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/women-and-mental-health/index.shtml. What treatments are available to clinicians courtesy of the biological model of psychopathology? 140. 61. Can our schemas lead us astray or be false? With mindfulness-based therapy techniques, clients would MOST likely be encouraged to: a. focus on setting goals for the future. See Figure 2.4 below. d. hormone therapy. It might be that the disorder causes dysfunction in the family, rather than the dysfunctional family causing the disorder. Therapists who often deliberately frustrate and challenge their clients, and who often use role-playing and a here and now orientation, are _____ therapists. Describe how psychological perspectives explain mental illness. Those in the field of abnormal psychology study people's emotional, cognitive, and/or behavioral problems.Abnormal behavior may be defined as behavior that is disturbing (socially unacceptable), distressing, maladaptive (or selfdefeating), and often the result of distorted thoughts (cognitions).. Several perspectives (models, approaches derived from data) and theories attempt to explain the . Is there merit to this view? The principle of multifinality emphasizes that: a. stress is the primary factor leading to abnormality. b. multicultural. David Rosenhan sent pseudopatients to a mental hospital, where they pretended to be disturbed. b. family structure and communication. Reinforcement can either occur continuously meaning every time the desired behavior is made the subject will receive some reinforcer, or intermittently/partially meaning reinforcement does not occur with every behavior. b. a severe mental illness and who is not a candidate for brain stimulation therapy. c. sociocultural. This is an example of: Infections can cause brain damage and lead to the development of mental illness or exacerbate existing symptoms. Psychosurgery. 116. They protect the neuron from harmful substances. What form of psychotherapy is ChaeWoo receiving? Of importance to mental health professionals are the adrenal glands, located on top of the kidneys, and which release cortisol to help the body deal with stress. d. the adverse effects of drugs will result in worse quality of life than the abnormality brings. This therapist is MOST likely a(n) _____ therapist. Second, observational learning occurs when we learn by observing the world around us. Resistance and transference are terms most likely used by which model? 22. For example, to be diagnosed with separation anxiety disorder, you must present with three of eight symptoms for criteria A whereas for a major depressive episode as part of Bipolar II disorder, you have to display five (or more) symptoms for criteria A. The charge inside is -70mV at rest. As fears can be learned, so too they can be unlearned. b. axons. The ego attempts to mediate the desires of the id against the demands of reality, and eventually, the moral limitations or guidelines of the superego. DNA, or deoxyribonucleic acid, is our heredity material. It was fun for me to swim in a lake near my house as a child. Throughout this book, we will discuss several treatment strategies used to change unwanted, maladaptive cognitions, whether they are present as an excess such as with paranoia, suicidal ideation, or feelings of worthlessness; or as a deficit such as with self-confidence and self-efficacy. b. neurosis. Over time I learned that attention was good. The goal of cognitive-behavioral therapy is BEST described as: a. improving the clients interactions with others. What happened to that bad behavior that had disappeared? c. irrational patterns of thinking. 51. If it receives sufficient stimulation, causing the polarity inside the neuron to rise from -70 mV to -55mV (. Step 1 Neurons waiting to fire are said to be in, Step 2 If adequately stimulated, the neuron experiences an, Step 3 Once the action potential passes from one segment of the axon to the next, the previous segment begins to, Step 4 After the neuron fires, it will not fire again no matter how much stimulation it receives. d. psychodynamic. Observational learning is learning by watching others and modeling techniques change behavior by having subjects observe a model in a situation that usually causes them some anxiety. The three parts of personality generally work together well and compromise, leading to a healthy personality, but if the conflict is not resolved, intrapsychic conflicts can arise and lead to mental disorders. What an individual views as abnormal behavior in public may be the only way to effectively interact with family members. b. Examples of secondary punishers include a ticket for speeding, losing television or video game privileges, ridicule, or a fee for paying your rent or credit card bill late. A person with a controlling mother is getting help. 42. Describe the role of hormonal imbalances in mental illness. Which conclusion can be drawn from this finding? b. Existentialists believe that research isnt necessary, because the effectiveness of existential therapy is already apparent due to its widespread success. Once free, the cat was allowed to eat some food before being promptly returned to the box. Marie comes from a supportive, loving family and has a stable socioeconomic background. It is difficult to research this perspective. c. psychodynamic-gestalt. Second, the participants in his studies were not representative of the broader population. Chances are you are already accepting the unknown in some areas of life and identifying these can help you to see why it is helpful in these areas, and how you can apply this in more difficult areas. The autonomic nervous system regulates the functioning of blood vessels, glands, and internal organs such as the bladder, stomach, and heart. Which abnormality model best lends itself to laboratory testing in terms of evaluating its efficacy? I'm going to mess up and then it won't be a perfect run!" Based on related research, we would expect this person to have a _____ number of offline friends and to _____ share information with them. a. Second, consider the very interesting social psychology topic attribution theory, or the idea that people are motivated to explain their own and other peoples behavior by attributing causes of that behavior to personal reasons or dispositional factors that are in the person themselves or linked to some trait they have; or situational factors that are linked to something outside the person. Genes, Hormonal Imbalances, and Viral Infections. The contents of the unconscious could move from the unconscious to preconscious, but to do so, it had to pass a Gate Keeper. There are two main ways they can present themselves. Admittedly, single factors do emerge during a persons life, but as they arise, the factors become part of the individual. c. limitations of a focus on ethnicity. When we try to establish how abnormality develops, we need to consider how individuals deal with the meaning of life and with the value they find in living. The objective of the Human Genome Project was to: a. clone a mammal. d. cognitive-behavioral. There are two forms: classical conditioning, or linking together two types of stimuli, and operant conditioning, or linking together a response with its consequence. The behavioral model concerns the cognitive process of learning, which is any relatively permanent change in behavior due to experience and practice and has two main forms associative learning to include classical and operant conditioning and observational learning. The biggest criticism of these models is that the concepts are abstract and fuzzy and so very difficult to research. The paradigm, or model, adopted by people in the Middle Ages to explain abnormal behavior was the _____ model. She has developed depression due to a serotonin deficiency. c. rationalization. 12. This information is passed to the nervous system due to the process of transduction and through sensory or afferent neurons, which are part of the peripheral nervous system. Shonda responds by changing the subject. After you perform poorly on the exam, you blame your professor. Our life instincts, or Eros, are manifested through it and are the creative forces that sustain life. 2.3.4. The motivation to form relationships with others is a central theme of: a. ego theory. As time goes on, the client starts to ask the therapist's permission for everything, instead of just making the decisions on her own. The so-called new wave of cognitive therapy differs from traditional cognitive therapy in that it emphasizes: a. challenging irrational cognitions. c. Beck. Recent research has discovered that autism, ADHD, bipolar disorder, major depression, and schizophrenia all share genetic roots. The client is classically conditioned to associate drinking with the negative experience of vomiting. If we are angry at someone, we may engage in physical or relational aggression to alleviate this stimulation. A patients initial reaction to being told she has a sexually transmitted infection (STI) is to insist that the nurse made a mistake with the test. Albert Bandura conducted pivotal research on observational learning, and you likely already know all about it. The drug addresses (corrects) the underlying biological reasons for alcohol abuse. d. projection. c. superego. A theorist who believes that the multicultural perspective is the correct way to think about abnormality comes from which paradigm? Operant conditioning. Hormones are important to psychologists because they manage the nervous system and body tissues at certain stages of development and activate behaviors such as alertness or sleepiness, sexual behavior, concentration, aggressiveness, reaction to stress, and a desire for companionship.