jamba juice turmeric smoothie recipe; sainsbury's locksbottom parking charges; ekpe society cameroon; June 11, 2022; small mortuary obituaries mobile, alabama . Copyright Dr. Ivor L. Miller. Oral tradition has it that the Efik arrived Uruan in four groups i.e. The society combines a kind of freemasonry with political and law enforcing aims. Photo by Jordan Fenton. [77] Women wore a number of brass rings on their legs and arms. [57] The diary of Antera Duke, an Efik, is the only surviving record from an African slave-trading house. "[18] References to the Igbo origin of the Efik were also made at the Hart's enquiry into the Obongship dispute where Etubom Efiom Obo Effanga asserted that the term "Iboku" meant quarrelsome Igbos. Modern Efik society is a melting pot of people of diverse origin. Thanks for signing up for our daily insight on the African economy. [44] [33][35] The Efik came to her defence and the dispute escalataed[34] Legend has it that this was the last straw that led to the Uruan-Efik war (known in Efik as Ek Abasi-Anwan) which led to the exit of the Efik from the Uruan country. These drums are a regional phenomenon; they are not identified with any particular ethnic community, nor with any specific cultural group or initiation club. This theory asserts that the Efik migrated from Palestine or somewhere close to Palestine. a king whose attempts to have a special son lead him to make bargains with one Islamic missionary and two noble travelers. Gelede Egbe: Yoruba Women's Sacred Society. "[35] Simmons assertion which was made in his 1958 dissertation is similarly reiterated at the Hart's enquiry in 1964 by chiefs such as Chief Efiom Obo Effanga of Obutong. According to Simmons, "Most Informants maintain that the first people to Inhabit Creek Town were Efut fishermen from the southern Cameroons. Another account from the Qua claimed that Ekpe (Mgbe) migrated from Cameroon. Within Nigeria, the Efik can be found in the present-day Cross River State and Akwa Ibom state. La communaut cubaine Abakudescendante des communauts fik Ekp et Ejagham gb du Sud Est du Nigria et du Sud Ouest du Camerouna t fonde la Havane dans les annes 1830 par des leaders capturs des villages de Cross River. and Dahomean towns, and among the tribes of Congo and the Cameroon.17 According to the same author, Ngbe, was another society influenced by the Ekoi and originally considered Egb [Ekp]. LEFT Omabe Eze sewing an ukara, Ezillo, southeastern Nigeria. It has a variety of different characters and is indigenous to areas of Southeastern Nigeria and . Imhotep was a revered personality as he was believed to be with super powers of healing and influencing people and affairs of the community. Due to the rise of Calabar as a commercial centre since the 18th century, Efik settlements experienced a high rate of inward migration consisting of Sierra Leoneans, Lebanese, Cameroonians, Jamaicans and several other communities. [51] Due to the custom of killing twins, Edem Efiom is said to have aided Okoho Efiom in sneaking out of Creek town to Nsutana. the exhibition explores the long- Plenty sugar cane live here and if some man must come for teach book proper, and make all men saby God like white man, and then we go on for same fashion. Enyi laja na lasha b nyeere ha aka idi nsogbu nd baara ha. Hope Waddell, Samuel Edgerley and four others. Ekpe Society 1st Conclave from Sept 16 to 17 2009, Ekpe DC Sessekou relaxing during the conclave, Ekpe Society members with Justice Hilman Egbe at a MECA DC meeting. [72] Iwewe is also regarded as a sacrificial meal often prepared for the Efik deities. When you see Ibibio do not give him fire(to warm himself), when he is dry he will kill you, Multiple Deaths at Ndodoghi creek, Ema Atai Ema Atai, Priest-king, lost his sight in death, Joshua Project Efik of Nigeria Ethnic People Profile, Souvenir Programme of the Coronation Service of His Royal Highness Edidem Boco Ene Mkpang Cobham V, Obong of Calabar and Paramount Ruler of the Efiks, Abridgement of the minutes of the evidence, "Souvenir programme of the Coronation of Edidem Boco Ene Mkpang Cobham V", "Cross river as a model for the evolution of Benue-Congo nominal class/concord systems", https://web.archive.org/web/20151222092842/http://sunnewsonline.com/new/pa-effiong-ukpong-aye-1918-2012/, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Efik_people&oldid=1131332439, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles using infobox ethnic group with image parameters, Articles containing explicitly cited English-language text, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 3 January 2023, at 17:46. The indigenous drums of the Cross River region of southeastern Nigeria and southwestern Cameroon are distinctive for their "wedge and ring" method of tightening the skin. Ekpe means leopard, not lion. That is why Sisiku Ojong Orock after consultation with the other Ekpe members and Sisiku Mfonten Mbu decided to acquire his own Nkanda Lodge in April 2003. Cameroon-Nigeria Relations, 1884-1961: A Study in Political, Economic and Social Interactions Between Two Nigerian Neighbouring States. Ekpe is a mysterious spirit who is supposed to live in the jungle and to preside at the ceremonies of the society. [1] The trade-off is that the Amama often control the majority of the community wealth. This site uses cookies to help personalize content, tailor your experience and to keep you logged in if you register. [11] The bulk of the Enwang and Usukakpa are located in the present-day Akwa Ibom state. There are different narratives on the arrival of the Efik at Creek Town. They believed feasting on a human strengthened their bonds. The first letter of the word is correctly written as "" and denotes plurality. The Ekpe society most likely originated among the Efik people of southern Nigeria and from there spread across other tribes and language groups in Southern Nigeria. Originally, items such as onions (Oyim mbakara) was rare in Efik meals. Here are 8 prominent cults and secret societies in Africa. According to E.U. The society is still active at the beginning of the 21st century, now playing more of a ceremonial role. The term igo has also been used for the organization's members. 2017). English language is spoken in the South-Western part of Cameroon. Over the years, the Victorian dress has been modified and given what is regarded as a dignified African look. Black Spirituality / Religion - General Discussion, http://odinanilawsofnature.wordpress.com/2010/11/10/finding-god-in-nature/, http://tourismafricana.com/origin-history-ekpe-soceity.html. In such cases, the Ekpe Society is seen as the . The Ekoi in Cameroon are found in the South Western region of the count. Hugh, Goldie. Ukara cloth also consecrates the interior of Ekpe lodges, where larger versions of the cloth hang as backdrops. [27] A number of reasons have been given on why the Efik left Uruan. [8] The bulk of the Efik can be found in Calabar. [49] The Enwang are believed to have ruled Atakpa for a number of years. In part because of their appropriation, exclusive use, and understanding of nsibidi, Ekpe members in the pre-colonial past were thought to have access to the spiritual realm and were, therefore, empowered to make and enforce societal rules and norms. (1985). [51] The Enwang people who were fishing at Duke town saw the twins approaching and fled in terror saying "Mbiomo oduk ine"(English: A curse has befalling our fishing sites). [51] Nsutana was a dreaded island where twins were abandoned to die. Ema Atai Ema Atai, Edidem, Biop sai." Several accounts have been narrated on the migration of the Efik before their arrival at Old Calabar. [59] According to Rev. Members are bound by oath of secrecy, and fees on entrance are payable. What's significant about the black fraternities and sororities in America is that they also trace part of their lineage to the Ekpe society of southeastern Nigeria. Nigeria and Cameroon (Lebialem and Manyu), Ekpe Society Resolutions from meeting held on September 16th 2011 in DC, Auto-Biography of Sisiku Emmanuel Ojong-Orock, Leader of Cameroonian Ekpe Lodge in Metropolitan DC. Select search scope, currently: catalog all catalog, articles, website, & more in one search; catalog books, media & more in the Stanford Libraries' collections; articles+ journal articles & other e-resources The version of Sunjata we have read is not the only version because: No version was ever written down by a skilled jeli, since Mande traditional society considers any story written down to be "dead". The Sunjata Epic is usually understood to tell the story of: the rise and fall of the seven Nubian (Kushite) kings. The Oroko (also Bareka/Batekka) are an ethnic group in Cameroon.They belong to the coastal Bantu group, widely known as Sawa, and primarily occupy the Ndian and Meme divisions of the Southwest Region of Cameroon.The people predominantly speak Oroko, English, and Cameroon Pidgin English.The Oroko are related to several ethnic groups (or tribes) in Cameroon's coastal areas, with whom they share . One account narrates that the Mbiabo group left first to their present location while the Iboku, Enwang and other clans were still at Ndodoghi. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. You been do very proper for we, and now we want to keep proper mouth. The earliest documented letter to an English captain from a chief of Old Calabar was written in 1770. These they handcuffed, brought down to the canoes, and so proceeded up the river, till they got to the amount of 45, with whom they returned to New town, where sending to the captains of the shipping, they divided them among the ships.[56]. [41] Latham hypothesizes that the Efik may have arrived before the middle of the seventeenth century. Contribute to chinapedia/wikipedia.en development by creating an account on GitHub. [46] On their exit from Obutong, they are believed to have sought the permission of Oku Atai to use the Ntinya. The ethnic group to which most of the characters belong is the __________________people. Among the Southern Igbo, the Ekpe society, introduced from the Cross River area, uses contrasting masks to represent the maiden spirit and the elephant spirit, the latter representing ugliness and aggression and the former representing beauty and peacefulness. Members of the Ekpe society are said to act as of Bamum, of Cameroon in his kingly attire seated on the throne with his chiefs flanked round him (Plate 2). James Beale Horton made a similar assertion in 1868 where he asserted that all the communities of the Niger-delta are traced to the Igbo. Aye, Originally Ekpe Fraternity was for religious purposes, but as the Calabar community became complicated owing to the new wealth which the early trade with Europeans brought it was. This created a need for Ekpe DC to have a full Ayamba Nkanda (Nkanda Chief). The process of creating this richly symbolic cloth is laborious. Today, it is no longer the same Ekpe society of decades ago. For the first time in history, Ekpe had a presentation at the highest institution of cultural anthropology in the world, the Smithsonian Museum. The Ekale and their famous shaking shoulders performing at the "Under the Volcano Festival", Limbe Cameroon. [54] The name "Agbisherea" (also known as Egbosherry) appended in the names of the two kings listed by Barbot, was the name of the country, on the coast of which they traded from. Photo by Eli Bentor. The article was a not-so-deep exploration of indigenous African writing systems and languages. The society is now seen as a fraternity along the masonic lines which tries to represent the interest of Efiks. Members of the Ekpe society are said to act as messengers of the ancestors (ikan). Read More mask During his research, Miller has identified many cultural links between Africa and the Americas, particularly between Cuba, Nigeria and Cameroon, which share a common heritage. The cloth is then dipped in indigo dye and hung to dry. The Ekpe society may be regarded as one of the most important institutions among the Efik people. 4. What role does religion play in society today? ugly and deformed, but predicted to be the mother of a great king. The Efik are an ethnic group located primarily in southern Nigeria, and western Cameroon. The society is not a 'secret society or a cult,'3 what is secret is the representations of its emblem in material symbol - the ekpe stone and the nsibidi (sign language). Ekpe cult, the leopard cult, and a male masquerade cult of the Efik, in cross river state of Nigeria, followed by Doomsday cult (prediction of total destruction of planet earth), then the. "[20] AHR ~ 125 [19], The Ibibio origin of the Efik is one of the most popular among scholars. . [50] Okoho Efiom bore twins whose paternal parentage have often been debated. Jeffreys also stated, "There is reason to believe that a considerable portion of a small Ibibio clan called Ebrutu or Eburutu was the earliest stock of the Efik; for, when the missionaries settled in 1846 at Old Calabar amongst these people for the first time, it was found that they called themselves not Efik but Ebrutu or Ebrutu Efik. The Efik language was also spoken in several communities in Western Cameroon. When the threads are cut, the nsibidi designs stand out, white against a deep blue background. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. Written March 01, 2015 by Web Services Editor, Guarini School of Graduate & Advanced Studies, Copyright 2023 Trustees of Dartmouth College. [37] The Uruan invasion at Ikpa Ene is believed to be the origin of the Efik saying, "Ama okut Ibibio, ku n enye ika, Idem amasat Ibibio eyewot owo"(English: When you see Ibibio do not give him fire(to warm himself), when he is dry he will kill you). Ekpe is a mysterious spirit who is supposed to live in the jungle and to preside at the ceremonies of the society. [44][52] Aye uses Adiaha Etim Anwa's ballad as one of the basis for his hypothesis. LEFT Mgballa Ekpe lodge with Ekpe members, Arochukwu, southeastern Nigeria. [62][63] The first missionaries arrived in 1846. [34] When the Uruan woman realised that Abasi had broken her axe, she insisted that the axe should be repaired. Mr. . Bell of King Eyo Honesty II at Creek Town, Ekeng ita (also known as James Henshaw), Obong of Henshaw Town (c.a 1875). Ethnographic - (Mask, Elephant, Cape, Chicken Feather); Elephant Mask with Chicken Feather Cape, Bekom People, Cameroon. The Leopard Society was allegedly a cannibalistic society in the early-to-mid 2oth century in Sierra Leone, Libera and Cte dIvoire. Among these cuisines include Ekpang nkukwo, Edikang Ikong, Afia efere, Anyan Ekpang, Afang soup and several others. two young foreign men to whom she gives the power to defeat her. The papers include photographs, audio and video recordings, publications, correspondence and printed material primarily relating to Miller's study of the linguistic, musical and ritual influence of West African kp society (predominantly in Nigeria and Cameroon) on . Nair dates the arrival of the Efik towards the end of the seventeenth century or the beginning of the eighteenth century. Ekpe" which literally means Lion, is a traditional secret society originated from the Ekoi tribe in Cross River State. identity. 16, 2014 3 likes 6,498 views Download Now Download to read offline Education Spiritual Technology A short description of the ancient Ekpe Masquerade and its cultural and spiritual significance, in the life of the people of the Cross River basin. Covering, concealing, and protecting their bodies, it functions as a physical metaphor for the ideological secrecy that the Ekpe society carefully constructs and guards. I hope Queen Victoria and young prince will live long time and we get good friend. The earliest list of Efik traders is provided in Jean Barbot's manuscript which was later printed in 1732. [34], On leaving the Uruan country, the Efik migrated to Ikpa Ene which is nicknamed Akani Obio Efik(English: Old Efik island). It is also used by the Igbo and Efik. Aye provides the following names among these priest-kings including Ema Atai Iboku, Ekpe Atai Iboku, Ukpong Atai Iboku. how to get a towing contract with geico university of west london ranking world university of west london ranking world She said as a member of the Ekpe Society of the Efiks, she participates in the Ekpe activities. Osirica brotherhood is the root of all the mason societies, dating back around 2300 B.C. [11] The last three clans had greatly dwindled in number and many of their members are believed to have been miscegenated into other Efik clans. Aye and Eyo Okon Akak. Corrections? In Ekpe, he is a product of a dynasty of more than five Generations of Ekpe Sisikus, also known as Nfor Ngbe or Ekpe Chiefs. Iwewe is a type of boiled yam mashed with a small amount of palm oil and stirred with a spoon. It is also used by the Igbo and Efik. [58] Antera Duke also known as Ntiero Edem Efiom was an Efik trader whose diary reveals several daily activities in Old Calabar between 1785 and 1788. [37] A captured invader confessed that they were set to retrieve royal emblems which they believed the Efik had taken with them when they left Uruan. The Ekpe society is the most renowned traditional institution in Efik history. According to Historians, this technique of indigo-dyeing was developed in the Dogon kingdom in Mali (West Africa) dating back to the 11th century. It was technically part of Nigeria, according to history, which was the reason we had the National Council of Nigeria and the Cameroons (NCNC). The practice and display of Ekpe masquerade have been modified. I hope some Man-of-War come sometime with proper captain all same you look out and help we keep word when French Man-of-War come. Speaking at the ceremony, the head of Ekpe of Afap village, Seseku Daniel Laluh said with Prof Ayuk's commitment in the village, the Ekpe society thought it necessary to confer him the Seseku. Origin Nsibidi symbols which are indigenous to Igbo, Ibibio, Efik, Annang and Ekoi/Ejagham members of the Ekpe society. [33] Abasi was angered by the Uruan woman and cursed the Uruan people who started to punish her for her insubordination. The Internet has shone light on manysecret societies, rendering them not so secret. Here's a look inside. [9][38] The Adiabo group is believed to have left to their present location after the Mbiabo exodus. GitHub export from English Wikipedia. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). It became a truly multi-group society, finding its' way to almost all groups in the region and gaining dominance in . The Efik people are well known for a diverse number of cuisines. [69] The Ekpe spirit cannot be seen by the uninitiated and is represented by Idem Iquo, a masquerade dressed in Esk, a multicoloured costume decorated with other traditional accoutrements. The cloth is made of plain cotton but transformed into a ritual object when nsibidi symbols are inscribed onto it through indigo dyeing. At its peak, it permeated the social, economic and political life of the Efiks but lately its dominance has been eroded as urbanization and modern political administration expanded. The earliest proponent of the Igbo origin was William Baikie who stated in his 1856 publication, "All the coast dialects from One to Old Kalabar, are, either directly or indirectly, connected with Igbo, which later Dr Latham informs me is certainly related to the Kafir class". As the slave trade was declining due to the strong global campaign against it, the effects on slave trading ports along the African coast was greatly experienced. We bring you daily editor picks from the best Business Insider news content so you can stay updated on the latest topics and conversations on the African market, leaders, careers and lifestyle. [19] Oku attests that it was the attack on the Efik that made them decide to leave Ikpa Ene as they realised they were still too close to their enemies. Ekpe translates to Leopard in the Efik language and is believed to be a spirit that resides in the forest. Each grade has a chieftain or an Obong. [72] Oge ruru ka laja nyefee lasha r ya ma gaa rwa r e nyere ya ebe z. Some of the oldest of these societies were Nyana Nyaku and Nsibidi. Now we can't sell slaves again we must have too much man for country; and want something for make work and trade, and if we could get seed for cotton and coffee we could make trade. Another account claimed that Efik people introduced the Ekpe between 1720 and 1729 during the initial migration of Calabar. The Ekpe Society is a religious and cultural institution among the Efik people, it can also be found among the Annang and the Ibibios. Her behavior at the board meeting was obsequious\mathit{obsequious}obsequious; for example, she actually offered to wash the company president's car! [6] The most popular historical accounts of Efik migration attest a movement from Ibom in Arochukwu to Uruan and from Uruan to numerous settlements along the lower Cross river. [52] A number of people were hanged, shot and buried with the late chief according to the custom. [30][31] Another reason given by Etubom Ededem Ekpenyong Oku asserts that the Uruan accused the Efik of wizardry and of being responsible for the frequent seizure of their children by crocodiles. The persistence oftheAbakua society contradicts the official construction ofa Cuban national identity. Members of the Ekpe society are said to act as messengers of the The economics of the society is based on paying tribute to the village ancestors. The design is left to the discretion of the Ezillo creators, who are not Ekpe members and do not know the meanings of nsibidi. [36] As a child, Sunjata at first looks unpromising because: In one of the most dramatic episodes in the Sunjata Epic, Sunjata first begins to demonstrate his extraordinary abilities when he: avenges an insult to his mother by uprooting a tree and placing it in front of her house. No disrespect allowed. Due to the number of unfortunate incidents at Ikpa Ene and Ndodoghi, the Efik sought to leave these islands. Some meals have been mentioned often in the 19th century historical literature of Old Calabar. [43] Stephen D. Behrendt and Eric J. Graham revealed in a 2003 publication that by the time the first documented European sailing vessel arrived in 1625, the Efik had already settled at Creek Town and Old Town. [36] According to Aye, "Ikpa Ene could not carry the bulk of Iboku population, Ndodoghi had to accommodate what spilt over, and the two settlements, still under one rule, were separated by the left branch of the river which became their "inland sea". Several types of English dresses were introduced to Efik women such as the Victorian dresses known in Efik as nyny. That it was through the Qua [an Ejagham or Ekoi stock], that the secret of Ekpe cult diffused to Calabar. The group believes that when they eat human flesh, they gain the ability to transform into a crocodile. Welcome to brotherhood Illuminati where you can becomerich famous and popular and your life story we be changetotally my name is Dan Jerry I am here to share mytestimony on how I join the great brotherhood Illuminatiand my life story was change immediately . Ivor Miller: The voice of the leopard is the main symbol of the Ekpe society of the Cross River region ofNigeria and Cameroon, which was re-created in colonial Cuba as the Abaku society. The Efik language also borrows words from other ethnic groups such as Balondo, Oron, Efut, Okoyong, Efiat and Ekoi (Qua). Here is a list of some of Africa's most prominent cults of all time: The Ekpe is a secret society that lives mostly in Nigeria and whose members are typically law enforcers and politicians. Many believe this groups village at present day Deir el-Medina was the original location where freemasonry began. Aye in 2000 does not mention the Efut as being the primary occupants. [47] Antia Ekot Otong is regarded as one of the descendants of the patriarch Otong Ama Ide. Group members would disguise themselves as leopards, wearing leopard skins, carrying claw-like weapons, and attacking their prey. In the Song of Ocol, Lawino's husband gives his side, arguing that: Ocol throws Lawino out of his house because: Ocol says that "__________________________ are chains around the neck, chains of slavery". Hope Waddell, Foreign commerce soon brought Calabar affairs into such a state, that the want of a bond of union among the different families, and of a supreme authority to enforce peace and order between equals and rivals, became apparent; and the Egbo institution was adopted. The Freemasonry's affiliation to the Imhotep is clearly evident and this is probably why they are accused of several conspiracy theories, since their objective is geared towards the restructuring and controlling of global affairs. According to Parker, When there, Dick Ebro' asking him to go to war with him, he complied, and accordingly having sitted out and armed the canoes, they went up the river, lying under the bushes in the day when they came near a village; and at night flying up to the village, and taking hold of every one they could see. The economics of the society is based on paying tribute to the village ancestors. ukara: Ritual Cloth of the Ekpe Society features the ukara cloth, a composite signifier of authority, prestige, sacrality, difference, and social mobility in the Ekpe secret society in the Cross river basin encompassing southeastern Nigeria and parts of Cameroon. [82] The Portuguese are said to have arrived in masted ships. Ekpe could take life and could give it; it could condemn a whole town to a heavy fine and was promptly paid; it could punish offenders and could forgive; even kings and Obongs could never escape Ekpe laws and edicts.[69]. Among these laws were the Abolition of twin-killings, abolition of the esere bean ordeal, abolition of human sacrifices and several other practices. [12], The Efik were noted for their involvement in the slave trade were they acted as slave traders and middlemen between the inland slave traders and the Europeans. [6][7], The name Efik first appears in historical literature in the nineteenth century. [53] It was common for Efik traders to take up trading names during the period of the transatlantic slave trade. It proved to be the source of supreme authority in all Efik towns, and its institutions provided, in the past, the highest court whose verdicts transcended all else. A delegation of kp 'leopard' society initiates, as well as family members, traveled from Mamfe, Manyu Division of southwest Cameroon, to Yaound, the Cameroon capital to honor and reclaim the body of their leader and father, who had recently transited to the ancestors. The Ogboni fraternity is said to have a strong affiliation to royalty, gerontological system of governance and the law enforcement of the community. [33] When the husband of the Uruan woman learnt of the issue, he wanted to fight the Efik. Efik society consists of various clans which were originally known as "Esien Efik itiaba" (English: Seven clans of Efik) and later known in the 21st century as "Esien Efik Duopeba" (English: Twelve clans of Efik). Instead, each settlement had its own lodge of the initiation society called kp, or "leopard," which was the highest indigenous authority. The Efik are an ethnic group located primarily in southern Nigeria, and western Cameroon. [17] Some oral accounts by early Efik men also support the Igbo origin of the Efik. In a Somali tale, the main character, Eghal Shillet, is: a braggart and coward who finds every possible excuse to avoid going into battle. Many families sent their children to European captains to teach them English and the processes involved in the international trade. According to Asuquo, Asibong Eso of Obutong was Old King Robin; Ekpenyong Efa of Adiabo was King John; Ani Eniang Nkot of Mbiabo Ikoneto was Robin King Agbisherea; Oku Ukpong Eton Ani of Mbiabo Ikot Offiong was William King Agbisherea; while Ukorebi Neneng Esien Ndem Ndem of Obomitiat Ikoneto was King Ebrero[55]. Several theories have been propounded on the origin of the word. Right now, Ekpe . In the culture we have discussed, the term fadenya refers to: the relationship between father and child, and half siblings - requiring self-assertion, independence, innovation, and competition. The term "Calabar people" was particularly popular prior to the nineteenth century and was synonymous to the Efik.[6]. Sunjata's victory against Sumaworo comes in part because: Sumaworo loses the support of his nephew, Fakoli. After the decline of the slave trade, the Efik transitioned into the business of exporting palm oil from the Cross river. Ikpaya is now worn by an Obong-elect during the traditional coronation ceremony. Papers documenting the research materials and scholarly work of Dr. Ivor L. Miller in cultural studies of the African Diaspora. Meat and fish are the major sources of protein in Efik cuisines. Efik traders could speak, write and read the English language. An account from the Qua said the origin of the Ekpe people can be traced to Cameron.